Ear tip vasculitis in a Bull Terrier dog – case report

giuliaDr Giulia Nadasan-Cozma

Giu The Vet- veterinary clinic

Arad, Romania

Pacient data and history:

Name: Connor

Breed: Bull Terrier

Age: 2 years

 

Patient presented for a dermatological consult after a few days of bleeding from the auricular pinnae.

The owner noted that the onset was acute, the lesions appeared “ overnight” and the animal was bothered by them, and started scratching and bleeding.

 

Dermatological findings:

Vasculitis lesions are noted bilaterally on the apex of the pinnae consisting of  alopecia, ulceration, crusting in different stages and necrosis that led to loss of tissue and altered the shape of the pinnal apex.

The crust comes off very easily and hemorrhage starts.

Lesions begin at the apical margins of the pinnae and spread along the concave surface.

 

Diagnosis:

 

A sample was performed by the impression smear technique and sent to the lab for cytology. The result was consistent with neutrophilic acute inflammation. In correlation with the clinical aspect, we had a strong suspicion of vascular damage, which may be caused by inflammatory or noninflammatory diseases, and often are idiopathic. The diagnosis is normally confirmed by histopathology but unfortunately the owner did not agree with the medical procedure.

Diferential diagnosis:

Proliferative thrombovascular necrosis of the pinnae is the dermatological diagnosis but to confirm this diagnosis, a biopsy and a histopathology exam is needed.

Ear tip ulcerative dermatitis can be another dermatological diagnosis.

Vaccine associated vasculitis can be another cause.

Vasculitis can be associated with coexisting disease like hypersensitivity disorders, food allergies, insect bites and many drugs administration, even dexamethasone or prednisone.

Given the note that Connor is an atopic dog, atopy itself can be the reason these lesions appeared because he was treated with prednisolone over an year because of his atopic syndrome and owner’s budget restraints.

 

Treatment and outcome:

After a long talk the owner chose surgery but in the end we managed to convince him to try medication for at least 14 days.

The following treatment options were offered:

1: Oclacitinib

Dosage: 0.5-0.6 mg/kg/12 h

1 tablet of 16 mg to be given BID 30-90 days according to the studies

 

2.

  • Local topical Tacrolimus 0,1%
  • Pentoxifylline tablets, dosage 15mg/kg BID
  • Doxicycline tablets, 5 mg/kg BID
  • Niacinamide tablets 500 mg/dog TID, for 30-90 days, may not work.

Treatment with oclacitinib (Apoquel 16 mg) was started despite budget restraints and Connor started to get better by day 7.

The treatment lasted 7 weeks ( 49 days) until complete remission of lesions.

He continued with Apoquel 16 mg 1×1/24 h to control his atopic syndrome.

pic 1 pic 2 pic 3 pic 4 pic 5 pic 6

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Conclusion:

Oclacitinib it is not typically used to treat vasculitis in dogs but should be included

among the therapeutic options for ear tip vasculitis if there are no signs of infection. Oclacitinib has immune modulatory effects on numerous cytokine-mediated inflammatory, autoimmune or immune-mediated diseases in dogs. This type of vascular damage of the pinna is sometimes idiopathic and is hard to find a definitive diagnosis without a histopathology exam.

 

References:

 

  1. Silvia Colombo, Luisa Cornegliani, Antonella Vercelli, Alessandra Fondati – Ear tip ulcerative dermatitis treated with oclacitinib in 25 dogs: a retrospective case series (2021) – Veterinary Dermatology
  2. Thelma Lee Gross, P. J. Ihrke, E.J. Walder, V.K.Affolter – Skin diseases of the dog and cat, 2nd Edition, 2020, Blackwell
  3. Rosanna Marsella, Katherine Doerr, Andrea Gonzales,Wayne Rosenkrantz – Oclacitinib 10 years later: lessons learned and directions for the future

(2023) –  J Am Vet Med Assoc.

  1. William H. Miller Jr., Craig E. Griffin, Karen L. Campbell  – Muller and Kirk’s  Small animal dermatology, 7nd Edition, 2012, Elsevier

Dermatophytosis (Ringworm)

stef artMarina-Ştefania Stroe, DVM

Romania

History

Dog, yorkshire terrier, F, 6 years old, spayed, vaccinated, dewormed and with fleas and ticks treatment done, 2 kg. She has been scratched for 2 weeks. A new cat was brought home three weeks ago. The cat present areas of alopecia on the tail.

 

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fig 1

Circumscribed lesions on the shoulder (Fig. 1) and on ventral cervical region (Fig. 3), areas of round shaped alopecia with erythema, scaling.

Remaining hairs may appear broken off.

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fig 2

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fig 3

Positive Wood’s lamp examination – apple green glow associated with the root of each hair (Fig. 2)

Matt fur examined with Wood’s lamp:

auricular pavilion (Fig. 4) and cervical ventral (Fig. 5) positive, fluorescent hairs.

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fig 4

Picture1

fig 5

A true dermatophyte infection reveals an apple green fluorescence on the roots of the hair.

 

Diagnosis

Picture2

Fig. 6: Microscopic examination – hair with modified structure of medulla and cortex.

Dermatophytosis (Ringworm)

Other differentials (ex. demodicosis, superficial pyoderma).

Wood’s lamp examination: typical yellowish-green fluorescent hair shafts that can be given by Microsporum canis strains; only Microsporum canis fluoresces and in only about half of cases. The Wood’s lamp is useful in establishing a tentative diagnosis of dermatophytosis in dogs and cats but false-negative and false-positive results are common. Definitive diagnosis is established by DTM culture.

Trichogram: misshapen hair shafts infiltrated with hyphae and arthrospores.

Deep skin scraped: negative

Treatment

Topical antifungal treatment applied on whole body twice a week, for 6-8 weeks until the result of the DTM culture is negative. Bathing are recommended to be done with shampoo containing chlorhexidine and an antifungal (ex ketoconazole) after the animal has been clipped. Ointment containing clotrimazole applied locally in thin layer, daily.

Environment: Decontamination measures in the house, where the animal stood (changed and washed carpets, bedding, beds, pillows), taking all measures to remove spores.

Supplements based on Omega 3 and Omega 6, which will help reduce pruritus and inflammation.

Prognosis

The prognosis is good. However, it should not be forgotten that dermatophytosis is a contagious disease that can be transmitted to other animals and humans.